SEARCH PKS post

11/24/2006

Manajemen Indepth Reporting

Ada beberapa pengertian yang seringkali salah kaprah di Indonesia:
#Indepth Reporting
#Investigatif Reporting

Indepth Reporting
merupakan suatu laporan yang mendalam tentang suatu objek yang biasanya mengenai kepentingan khalayak dan layak diketahui umum.
Reportasi dilakukan untuk menggali sebanyak mungkin data agar bisa disajikan dengan jelas dan rinci agar masyarakat bisa benar-benar memahami objek tersebut.
Indepth Reporting tidak menyiratkan kegiatan membongkar aib, kesalahan, atau kelemahan pemerintah tapi sebagai mencari data dan keterangan belaka.
Dalam melakukan indepth reporting seorang wartawan bisa berangkat praktis dari nol atau dari sekadar membaca kliping-kliping koran.

Investigatif Reporting

dimulai dari asumsi atau anggapan bahwa ada something is wrong, that some one has done something wrong.
Istilah investigasi muncul pertama kali saat Nellie Bly jadi reporter Pittsburgh Dispatch pada 1890. Bly menyelidiki kehidupan buruh anak yang mencari nafkah dalam kondisi buruk. Bly sengaja bekerja di sebuah pabrik di Pittsburgh. Laporan investigasinya mendorong terjadinya perubahan terhadap standar hidup para pekerja kelas bawah itu. Ketekunan Nellie Bly mengilhami jurnalisme Amerika.

*Ida M. Tarbell, mmenulis buat majalah Mc Clure’s, tentang skandal perusahaan minyak Standard Oil, milik John D.Rockefeller, pada 1900. Tarbell mengandalkan wawancara, riset kecil, atau observasi lewat penyamaran, juga menggunakan paper trail atau pelacakan dokumen seperti transkrip dengar pendapat dalam parlemen, berkas-berkas pengadilan, surat perjanjian, dan sertifikat tanah. Dampaknya, Presiden Theodore Roosevelt membuat peraturan untuk mencegah kompetisi tak sehat, khususnya terhadap perusahaan kecil. Pengadilan Amerika menghukum Standard Oil dengan memaksanya memecah diri jadi beberapa perusahaan.

Laporan investigasi sejatinya bukan reportase biasa.
Robert Greene dari Newsday, dikenal sebagai Bapak Jurnalisme Investigasi Modern, mensyaratkan sekurang-kurangnya tiga elemen dasar.
1.Liputan benar-benar gagasan orisinal wartawan dan hasil bukan investigasi pihak lain yang ditindaklanjuti
2.Membongkar kejahatan publik yang disembunyikan, subjek investigasi merupakan kepentingan bersama yang cukup masuk akal untuk mempengaruhi kehidupan sosial mayoritas pembaca suratkabar atau pemirsa televisi bersangkutan
3.Menemukan siapa pelakunya.

Hipotesis merupakan langkah penting bagi wartawan untuk sebelum melakukan investigatif reporting.
Hipotesis biasanya disusun dengan beberapa pertanyaan dasar.
Pertama pertanyaan tentang aktor pelaku kejahatan. "Siapa yang bertanggungjawab atas penyalahgunaan dana masyarakat tersebut? Siapa yang memicu huru-hara? Siapa yang mula-mula menyebarkan sentimen antietnik atau antiagama tertentu?
Kedua, bagaimana cara-cara suatu kejahatan dilakukan.
Hipotesis ini yang terus-menerus diteliti, diuji dan disimpulkan benar-tidaknya. Kalau kemudian terbukti bahwa hipotesis itu salah, seorang investigator harus dengan besar hati mengakui bahwa tidak terjadi kejahatan di sana. Kasus ditutup. Setiap investigasi memang
mengandung kemungkinan bahwa hasilnya ternyata tidak sedramatis yang diperkirakan.

Laporan indepht reporting yang seringkali disamakan dengan Investigatif reporting.
Salah satu hal yang banyak membedakan adalah ada atau tidaknya hipotesis dalam proses reportase. Hipotesis sangatlah penting untuk membentuk wartawan memfokuskan dirinya dalam suatu investigasi.
Pada liputan investigatif, seorang atau lebih wartawan memutuskan untuk melakukan suatu liputan investigatif karena mencium adanya suatu pelanggaran yang menyangkut kepentingan umum yang ingin ditutup-tutupi, dan masalah ini dianggap layak dan penting diketahui masyarakat. Sedangkan pada indepht reporting, adanya pelanggaran hukum itu bukan merupakan unsur utama. Tujuan indepht reporting lebih pada upaya untuk mengangkat suatu masalah, atau suatu soal secara mendalam.
Dalam batasan tertentu investigatif reporting adalah fase kelanjutan dari indepth reporting. Ketika wartawan itu sudah jauh lebih banyak mengetahui duduk persoalan sebenarnya, saat itulah ia pada titik hendak melakukan kegiatan lanjutan atau tidak. Liputan lanjutan inilah yang lebih bersifat investigatif.

Direktur Philippines Center for Investigative Journalism (PCIJ) Sheila Coronel secara singkat membagi proses investigasi ke dalam dua kali tujuh bagian.

Tahap Pertama:

*First lead (petunjuk awal): koran, desas-desus, telepon gelap, surat kaleng, dll
*Initial reporting (penjaringan nama, pemilihan narasumber, tempat yang akan diobservasi,pembuatan kronologi)
*Literature search (mengacu pada hasil liputan awal; kliping koran, pencarian di internet, buku, dan sumber lain)
*Interviewing experts (sumber ahli/pakar)
*Finding a paper trail (BAP, berkas sidang pengadilan, hasil visum)
*Interviewing key informants and sources

Tahap Kedua:

*First hand observation (Observasi di lapangan berguna untuk mendapat data detil sekaligus memastikan kebenaran dokumen)
*Organizing files (Data-data hasil pengamatan lapangan, yang dikawinkan dengan data-data sebelumnya, perlu diorganisasikan secara cermat dalam file-file)
*More interviews (menambahi data-data bolong ketika file sudah diorganisasikan secara cermat dan teliti. Wawancara ini umumnya hanya berlangsung untuk sumber-sumber kunci dan saksi-saksi)
*Analyzing and organizing (misalnya Metode lebih baku diperkenalkan Robert Greene dari Newsday berupa Sistem Memo: Copy Ready dan Procedural )
*Writing (Yang perlu diingat, dalam menulis yang pertama-tama didahulukan adalah bahwa laporan harus benar. Baru kemudian, menarik dan relevan)
*Fact checking (ingat: intisari jurnalisme adalah disiplin verifikasi)
*Libel checking
Indepth reporting, interpretatif reporting, maupun investigatif reporting, seperti jenis liputan lainnya, menekankan pada perlunya etika dan hukum.Kode etik media massa, di antaranya, memberikan beberapa jenis keterangan yang mesti diperhatikan wartawan, dan sumber-sumbernya di masyarakat luas:
-On the record. Semua pernyataan boleh langsung dikutip dengan
menyertakan nama serta jabatan si sumber. Kecuali ada kesepakatan lain, semua komentar dianggap boleh dikutip.
-On background. Semua pernyataan boleh dikutip langsung, tapi tanpa
menyebutkan nama si sumber. Jenis penyebutan yang digunakan si sumber harus dinegosiasikan lebih dulu. Tapi harus diingat bahwa makin kabur identitas si sumber, makin ringan juga kredibilitas laporan si wartawan. Seorang dosen di sebuah universitas lebih kabur ketimbang seorang dosen di fakultas universitas tersebut.
-On deep background. Semua pernyataan sumber boleh digunakan tapi tidak dalam kutipan langsung. Reporter menggunakan keterangan itu tanpa menyebutkan sumbernya. Umumnya, reporter tak suka kategori ini, sebab si sumber, apalagi yang sudah berpengalaman dengan media, sering memanfaatkan status ini untuk mengapungkan umpan tanpa mau mempertanggungjawabkannya.
-Off the record. Informasi yang diberikan secara off the record hanya diberikan kepada reporter dan tak boleh disebarluarkan dengan cara apapun. Informasi itu juga tak boleh dialihkan kepada narasumber lain dengan harapan informasi itu bisa dikutip.
Secara umum harus diketahui lebih dulu bahwa rencana penyampaian informasi secara off the record harus disepakati lebih dulu oleh reporter. Risiko menyetujui informasi off the record adalah si wartawan terikat untuk tak menggunakan informasi tersebut -termasuk kemungkinan bahwa informasi itu diperoleh dalam bentuk yang lain dari narasumber lain, tapi bisa menimbulkan kesan bahwa si wartawan tak menghormati kesepakatannya dengan sumber pertama --sampai ada pihak lain yang mengeluarkannya dengan nama lengkap.

Pemahaman etika dan hukum pers diperlukan wartawan investigasi ketika berhadapan dengan liputan-liputan yang konfidensial; yang sengaja ditutup rapat-rapat oleh pihak-pihak tertentu. Hal ini, di antaranya, menyebabkan teknik affidavit (pernyataan tertulis yang dibuat di bawah sumpah, di hadapan notaris publik) dan penyamaran dipakai dalam peliputan investigasi.
Dalam upaya mencari keterangan narasumber yang kuat, terutama investigatif reporting, kerap mensyaratkan informasi dari para saksi mata. Para saksi mata adalah orang-orang yang menyaksikan langsung peristiwa yang terjadi. Mereka memiliki informasi tentang fakta. Namun, keterangan mereka dianggap memiliki potensi memojokkan pihak-pihak tertentu. Untuk itulah, kesaksian mereka harus diberi perlindungan hukum dan disebut affidavit.

Keterangan ini menjadi senjata wartawan. Affidavit merupakan bahan yang dapat memperkuat berita investigasi dan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mengantisipasi kemungkinan-kemungkinan buruk. Bahkan, bisa digunakan untuk menepis kemungkinan penyangkalan narasumber yang menyatakan bahwa dirinya telah salah kutip.

Terkadang reporter terpaksa melakukan penyamaran dalam penyelidikannya.
Apakah diperbolehkan? Kalau iya, kapan seorang wartawanboleh mencuri? Kapan ia boleh memakai kamera tersembunyi? Kapan ia boleh memalsukan identitasnya?

Kasus: Stasiun televisi ABC bikin penyamaran tentang perlakuan buruk terhadap anak-anak cacat mental di sebuah rumah sakit. ABC mendapatkan pujian. Rumah sakit itu terpaksa mengubah kebijakan mereka. Pemerintah setempat juga minta maaf. Lalu terjadi perubahan besar-besaran aturan pemerintah soal rumah sakit anak-anak cacat.

Ada kasus lain, juga terjadi pada ABC, penyamaran mereka tentang pabrik pengemasan daging berbuah gugatan hukum. Belakangan mereka terpaksa minta maaf dan membayar denda. Mereka terbukti bersalah karena data dan gambar yang mereka tampilkan tidak proporsional. Perusahaan itu memang menghasilkan beberapa potong daging yang busuk namun jumlahnya sangat kecil. Mereka juga disalahkan karena menyadap telepon seorang eksekutif perusahaan daging tersebut.

Dari dua kasus pada sebuah televisi yang sama itu, ada beberapa pedoman bila kita terpaksa harus mencuri:
1.Motivasi kita melakukan pencurian atau penyamaran tujuannya murni untuk kepentingan publik.
2.Wartawan sudah melakukan prosedur yang biasa untuk mendapatkan data, informasi, dokumen gambar atau suara, dengan frekuensi yang cukup tinggi, namun belum berhasil mendapatkan apa yang dicarinya.
3.Harus seizin atasan si reporter. Artinya, ini pekerjaan di luar standar normal. Maka para editor harus tahu dan memberikan izin. Siapa tahu kelak ada gugatan hukum.
4.Ketika hasil pencurian ini disajikan ke publik, kita juga harus transparan menjelaskan bahwa ia didapat dengan mencuri namun prosedur itu terpaksa ditempuh karena prosedur normal tidak berhasil.

Kita harus memberikan kesempatan kepada audiens untuk menilai sendiri. Kita tentu juga harus minta tanggapan dari pihak yang kita curi untuk dimuat tanggapannya bersama dengan presentasi hasil penyamaran kita. Tanggapan ini diminta tidak pada saat penyamaran. Ia diminta sesudah kita mendapatkan informasi tersebut.

William Recktenwald, reporter Chicago Tribune, yang terlibat dalam berbagai tindak penyamaran dalam sejumlah investigasi, setuju bahwa reporter seharusnya menghindari penyamaran kecuali jika mutlak diperlukan. Ia memberi beberapa saran:
-Tugas pertama seorang reporter dalam mengandaikan dirinya menjadi orang lain semata-mata untuk melaksanakan pekerjaan dengan benar dan bukan untuk mengacaukan hidup orang lain. Jika seorang reporter akan bekerja di panti perawatan manusia lanjut usia, tugas-tugasnya harus didahulukan ketimbang profesinya sebagai jurnalis.
-Jika sesuatu yang dicari tak ada di sana, jangan membuatnya ada. Jangan pernah mendorong orang untuk melanggar hukum agar mendapat adegan dalam laporan yang hendak disampaikan.
-Seorang reporter yang menggunakan identitas palsu, janganlah terlalu jauh dalam menyamar. Misalnya, tidak jadi manajer jika jabatan satuan pengamanan lebih cocok dipakai dalam penyamaran. Ketika mengisi lembar aplikasi gunakan tanggal lahir, alamat, asal sekolah, dan pengalaman kerja yang sesungguhnya, kecuali pekerjaannya selaku reporter. ---
Dalam banyak kasus, latar belakang tidak diperiksa. Tapi jangan sekali-kali berbohong untuk dokumen-dokumen tertentu, seperti surat izin mengemudi, yang memerlukan sebuah sumpah.
-Jangan pernah melanggar hukum. Pengumpulan berita tidak kebal terhadap hukum.
-Hindari “lubang-lubang bocoran” informasi yang akan menggantungkan reporter dengan banyak sumber tak bernama.

Budi Setiyono
Yayasan Pantau
Thx to : Etty.H

Read More......

11/22/2006

Hirarki Komunikasi

This is just an example that communication is CRUCIAL - lebih baik kelebihan daripada kekurangan…akibatnya bisa FATAL

(1) Dari: Managing Director
Kepada: Chief Operating Officer

"Besok akan ada gerhana matahari total pada jam sembilan pagi. Ini adalah kejadian yang tak bisa kita lihat setiap hari. Untuk menyambut dan melihat peristiwa langka ini, seluruh karyawan diminta untuk berkumpul di lapangan dengan berpakaian rapi. Saya akan menjelaskan fenomena alam ini kepada mereka. Bila hari hujan, dan kita tidak bisa melihatnya dengan jelas, kita berkumpul di kantin saja."

(2) Dari: Chief Operating Officer
Kepada: Department Heads


"Sesuai dengan perintah Managing Director, besok pada jam sembilan pagi akan ada gerhana matahari total. Bila hari hujan, kita tidak bisa berkumpul di lapangan untuk melihatnya dengan berpakaian rapi. Dengan demikian,peristiwa hilangnya matahari ini akan dijelaskan oleh
Managing Director di kantin. Ini adalah kejadian yang tak bisa kita lihat setiap hari."

(3) Dari : Departmental Heads
Kepada : Sectional Heads


"Sesuai dengan perintah Managing Director, besok kita akan mengikuti peristiwa hilangnya matahari di kantin pada jam sembilan pagi dengan berpakaian rapi. Managing Director akan menjelaskan apakah besok akan hujan atau tidak. Ini adalah kejadian yang tak bisa kita lihat setiap hari."

(4) Dari : Section Heads
Kepada : Foreman

"Jika besok turun hujan di kantin, kejadian yang tak bisa kita lihat setiap hari, Managing Director, dengan berpakaian rapi, akan menghilang jam sembilan pagi."

(5) Dari : Foreman
Kepada : All Operators


"Besok pagi, pada jam sembilan, Managing Director akan menghilang. Sayang sekali, kita tidak bisa melihatnya setiap hari."

Read More......

11/13/2006

10 Koran Berbahasa Indonesia Terbaik

[JAKARTA] Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional memberikan penghargaan kepada media massa yang menggunakan bahasa Indonesia dengan baik dan benar. Penghargaan itu diberikan di Jakarta, Kamis (9/11) dalam rangka memperingati Bulan Bahasa tahun 2006.

Menurut Ketua Panitia Bulan Bahasa Sugiono, 10 media massa yang dinilai menggunakan bahasa dengan baik dan benar tersebut adalah Media Indonesia, Koran Tempo, Kompas, Bisnis Indonesia, Jawa Pos, Investor Daily, Suara Pembaruan, Republika, Berita Kota, dan Haluan.

"Penilaian didasarkan pada penggunaan bahasa di rubrik berita utama dan editorial. Dalam pandangan para juri, kedua berita itulah yang dipersiapkan paling matang oleh media," katanya.

Dijelaskan, peran media massa dalam penggunaan bahasa di masyarakat sangat tinggi. Sebab itu, penghargaan tersebut tidak diperlombakan, tetapi dinilai oleh para juri dengan tujuan memberikan panduan kepada masyarakat.

"Kita ingin masyarakat tahu kalau ingin menggunakan bahasa Indonesia yang baik, lihatlah di media massa tersebut. Kita tidak ingin mengatakan kalau bahasa yang digunakan media lain tidak baik, tetapi bahasa sangat sesuai dengan pasar dari media itu sendiri," jelasnya. Selain dari Pusat Bahasa, para juri terdiri dari berbagai unsur, di antaranya Forum Bahasa Media Massa, perguruan tinggi dan Persatuan Wartawan Indonesia (PWI). [A-22]
Suara Pembaruan, 9 November 2006

Read More......

11/09/2006

when no one is watching........





What do you do when you're sure no one is watching?
When you have no need to impress others,
what is it that truly impresses and fulfills you?
The foundation of success is built in the moments when no one else is watching.

What you do in those moments, when nothing is expected of you,
is an excellent measure of who you really are.

Others can encourage you and nag you and intimidate you into taking action.
Yet the real and lasting accomplishments will come when you take your own initiative,
and express the best of who you are.

When you are free to do exactly as you please, what is it that you do?
When nothing is expected of you by others, what do you expect of yourself?

The moments when no one is watching are moments of great opportunity.
For they are your chance to determine and develop the person you most want to be.
You can go through life merely appearing successful,
or you can actually experience true success and fulfillment.
The difference depends on what you do in the moments when no one is watching.

send by : oniefm



Read More......

11/08/2006

Blog - types & popularity

There are various types of blogs, and each differs in the way content is delivered or written.

By media type
A blog comprising videos is called a vlog, one comprising links is called a linklog, or one comprising photos is called a photoblog

By device
Blogs can also be defined by which type of device is used to compose it. A blog written by a mobile device like a mobile phone or PDA is called a moblog.

Genre
Some blogs focus on a particular subject, such as political blogs or travel blogs.

Legal status of publishers
A blog can be private, as in most cases, or it can be for business purposes. Blogs, either used internally to enhance the communication and culture in a corporation or externally for marketing, branding or PR purposes are called corporate blogs.

Blog search engines
Several blog search engines are used to search blog contents (also known as the blogosphere), such as blogdigger, Feedster, and Technorati. Technorati provides current information on both popular searches and tags used to categorize blog postings.


Blog popularity
Recently, researchers have analyzed the dynamics of how blogs become popular. There are essentially two measures of this: popularity through citations, as well as popularity through affiliation (i.e. blogroll). The basic conclusion from studies of the structure of blogs is that while it takes time for a blog to become popular through blogrolls, permalinks can boost popularity more quickly, and are perhaps more indicative of popularity and authority than blogrolls, since they denote that people are actually reading the blog's content and deem it valuable or noteworthy in specific cases.

The blogdex project was launched by researchers in the MIT Media Lab to crawl the web and gather data from thousands of blogs in order to investigate their social properties. It gathered this information for over 4 years, and autonomously tracked the most contagious information spreading in the blog community. The project is no longer active.
Blogs are also given rankings by Technorati based on the amount of incoming links and Alexa Internet based on the web hits of Alexa Toolbar users. In August 2006, Technorati listed the most linked-to blog as that of Chinese actress Xu Jinglei and the most-read blog as group-written Boing Boing.

It was reported by Chinese media Xinhua that the blog of Xu Jinglei received more than 50 million page views, claiming to be the most popular blog in the world. In mid-2006, it also had the most incoming links of any blogs on the Internet.

Blogging and the mass media
Many bloggers differentiate themselves from the mainstream media, while others are members of that media working through a different channel. Some institutions see blogging as a means of "getting around the filter" and pushing messages directly to the public. Some critics worry that bloggers respect neither copyright nor the role of the mass media in presenting society with credible news.

Many mainstream journalists, meanwhile, write their own blogs -- well over 300, according to CyberJournalist.net's J-blog list. The first known use of a Weblog on a news site was in August 1998, when Jonathan Dube of The Charlotte Observer published one chronicling Hurricane Bonnie.

Blogs have also had an influence on minority languages, bringing together scattered speakers and learners; this is particularly so with blogs in Gaelic languages, whose creators can be found as far away from traditional Gaelic areas as Kazakhstan and Alaska. Minority language publishing (which may lack economic feasibility) can find its audience through inexpensive blogging.

Source: Wikipedia

Read More......

11/06/2006

About Blog (Weblog)

Prolog:
Sedikit artikel sebagai bahan referensi utk teman2 yang baru/sedang/sudah mulai merambah dunia BLOG (WEBLOG). Edisi Bahasa menyusul neh'.......silahkan di-comment

A blog is a website where entries are made in journal style and displayed in a reverse chronological order.
Blogs often provide commentary or news on a particular subject, such as food, politics, or local news; some function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related to its topic. Most blogs are primarily textual although some focus on photographs (photoblog), videos (vlog), or audio (podcasting), and are part of a wider network of social media.
The term "blog" is a contraction of "Web log." "Blog" can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.

History
Chronicles, commonplaces, diaries, and perzines can all be seen as predecessors of blogs.Before blogging became popular, digital communities took many forms, including Usenet, e-mail lists and bulletin board systems (BBS). In the 1990s, Internet forum software, such as WebEx, created running conversations with "threads". Threads are topical connections between messages on a metaphorical "corkboard".

1994 – 2001
The modern blog evolved from the online diary where people would keep a running account of their personal lives. Most such writers called themselves diarists, journalists, or journalers. A few called themselves escribitionists. The Open Pages webring included members of the online-journal community. Justin Hall, who began eleven years of personal blogging in 1994 while a student at Swarthmore College, is generally recognized as one of the earliest bloggers.
Other forms of journals kept online also existed. A notable example was game programmer John Carmack's widely read journal, published via the finger protocol. Websites, including both corporate sites and personal homepages, had and still often have "What's New" or "News" sections, often on the index page and sorted by date. One example of a news based "weblog" is the "Drudge Report" founded by the self styled maverick reporter Matt Drudge, though apparently Drudge dislikes this classification. One noteworthy early precursor to a blog was the tongue-in-cheek personal website that was frequently updated by Usenet legend Kibo.
Early weblogs were simply manually updated components of common websites. However, the evolution of tools to facilitate the production and maintenance of web articles posted in said chronological fashion made the publishing process feasible to a much larger, less technical, population. Ultimately, this resulted in the distinct class of online publishing that produces blogs we recognize today. For instance, the use of some sort of browser-based software is now a typical aspect of "blogging". Blogs can be hosted by dedicated blog hosting services, or they can be run using blog software, such as WordPress, blogger or LiveJournal, or on regular web hosting services, such as DreamHost.

The term "weblog" was coined by Jorn Barger on 17 December 1997. The short form, "blog," was coined by Peter Merholz, who jokingly broke the word weblog into the phrase we blog in the sidebar of his blog Peterme.com in April or May of 1999.This was quickly adopted as both a noun and verb ("to blog," meaning "to edit one's weblog or to post to one's weblog").
After a slow start, blogging rapidly gained in popularity: the site Xanga, launched in 1996, had only 100 diaries by 1997, but over 20 million as of December 2005. Blog usage spread during 1999 and the years following, being further popularized by the near-simultaneous arrival of the first hosted blog tools:
• Open Diary launched in October 1998, soon growing to thousands of online diaries. Open Diary innovated the reader comment, becoming the first blog community where readers could add comments to other writers' blog entries.
• Brad Fitzpatrick started LiveJournal in March 1999.
• Andrew Smales created Pitas.com in July 1999 as an easier alternative to maintaining a "news page" on a website, followed by Diaryland in September 1999, focusing more on a personal diary community.
• Evan Williams and Meg Hourihan (Pyra Labs) launched blogger.com in August 1999 (purchased by Google in February 2003)
Blogging combined the personal web page with tools to make linking to other pages easier — specifically permalinks, blogrolls and TrackBacks. This, together with weblog search engines enabled bloggers to track the threads that connected them to others with similar interests.

2001 – 2004
Several broadly popular American blogs emerged in 2001: Andrew Sullivan's AndrewSullivan.com, Ron Gunzburger's Politics1.com, Taegan Goddard's Political Wire and Jerome Armstrong's MyDD — all blogging primarily on politics (two earlier popular American political blogs were Bob Somerby's Daily Howler launched in 1998 and Mickey Kaus' Kausfiles launched in 1999).

By 2001, blogging was enough of a phenomenon that how-to manuals began to appear, primarily focusing on technique. The importance of the blogging community (and its relationship to larger society) increased rapidly. Established schools of journalism began researching blogging and noting the differences between journalism and blogging.

In 2002, Jerome Armstrong's friend and sometime business partner Markos Moulitsas ZĂșniga began DailyKos. With up to a million visits a day during peak events, it has now become one of the Internet's most trafficked blogs.

Also in 2002, many blogs focused on comments by U.S. Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott. Senator Lott, at a party honoring U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond, praised Senator Thurmond by suggesting that the United States would have been better off had Thurmond been elected president. Lott's critics saw these comments as a tacit approval of racial segregation, a policy advocated by Thurmond's 1948 presidential campaign. This view was reinforced by documents and recorded interviews dug up by bloggers. (See Josh Marshall's Talking Points Memo.) Though Lott's comments were made at a public event attended by the media, no major media organizations reported on his controversial comments until after blogs broke the story. Blogging helped to create a political crisis that forced Lott to step down as majority leader.
The impact of this story gave greater credibility to blogs as a medium of news dissemination. Though often seen as partisan gossips, bloggers sometimes lead the way in bringing key information to public light, with mainstream media having to follow their lead. More often, however, news blogs tend to react to material already published by the mainstream media.

Since 2002, blogs have gained increasing notice and coverage for their role in breaking, shaping, and spinning news stories. The Iraq war saw bloggers taking measured and passionate points of view that go beyond the traditional left-right divide of the political spectrum.
Blogging by established politicians and political candidates, to express opinions on war and other issues, cemented blogs' role as a news source. (See Howard Dean and Wesley Clark.) Meanwhile, an increasing number of experts blogged, making blogs a source of in-depth analysis. (See Daniel Drezner and J. Bradford DeLong.)
The second Iraq war was the first "blog war" in another way: Iraqi bloggers gained wide readership, and one, Salam Pax, published a book of his blog. Blogs were also created by soldiers serving in the Iraq war. Such "warblog" gave readers new perspectives on the realities of war, as well as often offering different viewpoints from those of official news sources.
Blogging was used to draw attention to obscure news sources. For example, bloggers posted links to traffic cameras in Madrid as a huge anti-terrorism demonstration filled the streets in the wake of the March 11 attacks.
Bloggers began to provide nearly-instant commentary on televised events, creating a secondary meaning of the word "blogging": to simultaneously transcribe and editorialize speeches and events shown on television. (For example, "I am blogging Rice's testimony" means "I am posting my reactions to Condoleezza Rice's testimony into my blog as I watch her on television.") Real-time commentary is sometimes referred to as "liveblogging."

2004 – present
In 2004, the role of blogs became increasingly mainstream, as political consultants, news services and candidates began using them as tools for outreach and opinion forming. Even politicians not actively campaigning, such as the UK's Labour Party's MP Tom Watson, began to blog to bond with constituents.
Minnesota Public Radio broadcast a program by Christopher Lydon and Matt Stoller called "The blogging of the President," which covered a transformation in politics that blogging seemed to presage. The Columbia Journalism Review began regular coverage of blogs and blogging. Anthologies of blog pieces reached print, and blogging personalities began appearing on radio and television. In the summer of 2004, both United States Democratic and Republican Parties' conventions credentialed bloggers, and blogs became a standard part of the publicity arsenal. Mainstream television programs, such as Chris Matthews' Hardball, formed their own blogs. Merriam-Webster's Dictionary declared "blog" as the word of the year in 2004.
Blogs were among the driving forces behind the "Rathergate" scandal, to wit: (television journalist) Dan Rather presented documents (on the CBS show 60 Minutes) that conflicted with accepted accounts of President Bush's military service record. Bloggers declared the documents to be forgeries and presented evidence and arguments in support of that view, and CBS apologized for what it said were inadequate reporting techniques (see Little Green Footballs).
Many bloggers view this scandal as the advent of blogs' acceptance by the mass media, both as a source of news and opinion and as means of applying political pressure.
Some bloggers have moved over to other media. The following bloggers (and others) have appeared on radio and television: Duncan Black (known widely by his pseudonym, Atrios), Glenn Reynolds (Instapundit) , Markos Moulitsas ZĂșniga (Daily Kos), Alex Steffen (Worldchanging) and Ana Marie Cox (Wonkette). Hugh Hewitt is an example of a media personality who has moved in the other direction, adding to his reach in "old media" by being an influential blogger.
Some blogs were an important source of news during the December 2004 Tsunami such as Medecins Sans Frontieres, which used SMS text messaging to report from affected areas in Sri Lanka and Southern India.

In the United Kingdom, The Guardian newspaper launched a redesign in September 2005, which included a daily digest of blogs on page 2. Also in June 2006, BBC News launched a weblog for its editors, following other news companies [7].
In January 2005, Fortune magazine listed eight bloggers that business people "could not ignore": Peter Rojas, Xeni Jardin, Ben Trott, Mena Trott, Jonathan Schwartz, Jason Goldman, Robert Scoble, and Jason Calacanis.

Read More......
Copyrights @ 2006 Perkumpulan Karyawan SmartFM - Jakarta, Indonesia
http://crew-smartfm.blogspot.com

  © Blogger template 'Ultimatum' by Ourblogtemplates.com 2008

Back to TOP